Read Online The Gun, the Ship, and the Pen: Warfare, Constitutions, and the Making of the Modern World By Linda Colley
Read Online The Gun, the Ship, and the Pen: Warfare, Constitutions, and the Making of the Modern World By Linda Colley
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Ebook About New York Times Book Review • Editors’ ChoiceVivid and magisterial, The Gun, the Ship, and the Pen reconfigures the rise of a modern world through the advent and spread of written constitutions.A work of extraordinary range and striking originality, The Gun, the Ship, and the Pen traces the global history of written constitutions from the 1750s to the twentieth century, modifying accepted narratives and uncovering the close connections between the making of constitutions and the making of war. In the process, Linda Colley both reappraises famous constitutions and recovers those that have been marginalized but were central to the rise of a modern world.She brings to the fore neglected sites, such as Corsica, with its pioneering constitution of 1755, and tiny Pitcairn Island in the Pacific, the first place on the globe permanently to enfranchise women. She highlights the role of unexpected players, such as Catherine the Great of Russia, who was experimenting with constitutional techniques with her enlightened Nakaz decades before the Founding Fathers framed the American constitution. Written constitutions are usually examined in relation to individual states, but Colley focuses on how they crossed boundaries, spreading into six continents by 1918 and aiding the rise of empires as well as nations. She also illumines their place not simply in law and politics but also in wider cultural histories, and their intimate connections with print, literary creativity, and the rise of the novel.Colley shows how—while advancing epic revolutions and enfranchising white males—constitutions frequently served over the long nineteenth century to marginalize indigenous people, exclude women and people of color, and expropriate land. Simultaneously, though, she investigates how these devices were adapted by peoples and activists outside the West seeking to resist European and American power. She describes how Tunisia generated the first modern Islamic constitution in 1861, quickly suppressed, but an influence still on the Arab Spring; how Africanus Horton of Sierra Leone—inspired by the American Civil War—devised plans for self-governing nations in West Africa; and how Japan’s Meiji constitution of 1889 came to compete with Western constitutionalism as a model for Indian, Chinese, and Ottoman nationalists and reformers.Vividly written and handsomely illustrated, The Gun, the Ship, and the Pen is an absorbing work that—with its pageant of formative wars, powerful leaders, visionary lawmakers and committed rebels—retells the story of constitutional government and the evolution of ideas of what it means to be modern.Book The Gun, the Ship, and the Pen: Warfare, Constitutions, and the Making of the Modern World Review :
In the United States the writing and ratification of the Constitution in the late 1780s is usually studied in isolation, as a largely American effort in which any outside influence is limited to some contributions here and there from Englishmen like John Locke and Frenchmen like Montesquieu. Perhaps that's why it took a British born historian long resident in the United States like Linda Colley to produce a truly universal examination of constitutions.Among the first and most valuable of Colley's insights is the strong role warfare played in the development of constitutions. As rulers found themselves embroiled in longer and larger conflicts they needed to find some way to ensure that they had plenty of support from the citizens who were expected to supply men to fight the battles, weapons and other equipment for those men to fight with, supplies to keep those men fed, clothed, and reasonably content while doing the fighting, and of course the taxes that would pay for all those men and their supplies. The rulers found that a great way to ensure that vital support was to offer power to those fighting men and taxpayers: a role in government and a voice in policy. As time went on and wars became more complex and "hybridized", fighting on both land and sea, the need to ensure support grew larger, and thus the need for constitutions grew.I really enjoyed this book. As a former high school history teacher myself I was naturally well acquainted with the details of the writing and ratification of the US Constitution, and I also knew a good bit about constitutional developments in other nations. Colley showed me an enormous amount of new material about which I knew little or nothing, enlightening me on the roles played by characters as disparate as Catherine the Great, Pasquale Paoli of Corsica, and Pomare II of Tahiti, among many others. I was fascinated to read of constitutional developments on Pitcairn Island and other places, and to learn of the long term consequences of the Meiji Reforms, not just in Japan but throughout Asia and beyond.Colley is an excellent writer, and I really enjoyed the flow of her narratives. This is an important work of history that should be long remembered. The Gun, the Ship, and the Pen makes a few good points about constitutions in its covered period of 1750 to 1914, but then loses itself in a morass of irrelevant detail about constitution writing. Colley makes two major points which are often obscured by the primacy of the American Constitutional civic religion. First, constitutions are not enacted out of high-minded principals, but instead tend to arise as a response to financial and political stresses, especially the stresses incurred by imperialist 'hybrid' wars on land and sea best exemplified by the globe-spanning wars triggered by the French Revolution and ended at Waterloo. Second, most constitutions are ephemeral experiments, being replaced after a few years. Even in the United States, state constitutions are hardly sacred writ, the Alabama constitution seems to have been amended regularly, mostly to keep down African Americas. The longevity and seeming immutability of the US constitution is a massive exception to the usual life of these documents.And then comes the irrelevant fluff. Colley begins with the 1755 Constitution of the Corsican Republic and the career of its military leader Pasquale Paoli, and then ambles through the lives of people who did constitutional writing across the world. Somewhere about 300 pages in and around Pomare II of Tahiti, I realized that what I was reading was a political version of Lomask's Great Lives: Invention and Technology which I loved when I was 10. Page after page was filled with biographical detail, and almost nothing devoted to the political thought that constitutions represent.This barest pretense of intellectual history is the most critical flaw of this book. For all that it's brought up, the "constitution" could be an abstruse form of poetry or perhaps some kind of sport. Having declared that constitutions served to stabilize states against internal pressures caused by taxation and conscription, Colley has little to say about political stability in constitutional regimes, except that London was spared both unrest and constitutions thanks to its victory over Napoleon and centrality to global trade.And this is a shame, because constitutions are fascinating documents full of contradictions. They're utopian designs for a more perfect union, and pragmatic attempts to stabilize unruly minorities. The American Constitution was silent on the subject of slavery and explicitly excluded Indians as part of a settler-colonial project to seize the West. Meanwhile, the post-Bolivarian constitutions of South America enshrined (male) legal equality between the castes, including African slaves, though actual power reminded in the hands of a criollo elite. And as I recall from my serious academic years, a constitution must be created and enacted by a process outside the constitution itself (Jasanoff, Agamben, Graeber? I don't care to track down the exact reference). In a legal society, a constitutional moment is one when the raw power of political violence surges close to the genteel debates of the legislature.I'm most familiar with this period through Mike Duncan's Revolution's podcast, and Colley captures almost none of the drama or weight of the period. This was a time when people were actively redefining the nature of politics in debate, mob violence, and massive wars. Colley brings forward peripheral voices, so points for talking about non-Europeans here, but in a broader sense, the debates of the French Revolution and 1848 between liberals, autocrats, and radicals about who wields power and to what ends, are the same debates that we have today. Good history shows us what people in the past thought, and the sources and consequences of their actions. On this measure, The Gun, the Ship, and the Pen fails entirely.I read this book thanks to a glowing review in the New Yorker. "Nobel prize in history" my ass. I may have to start skipping the book reviews along with the fiction if they're this unreliable. 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